![]() ![]() This study offers an initial exploration of health consequences of different types of employment in the contemporary U.S. 2018), as well as lack of measures that adequately capture employment conditions. This paucity of research reflects the typical exclusion of occupation as a primary social determinant of health ( Ahonen et al. 2017 Scott-Marshall and Tompa 2011 Tompa et al. These changes have far-reaching consequences for the labor market experiences of millions of Americans however, they have not been adequately examined from a public health perspective and compel the need for a new understanding of the elements of jobs that contribute to poor health ( Peckham et al. In addition to the growth of atypical forms of employment, other dimensions of work also became destandardized, including working hours, opportunities for advancement, and worker-employer relations ( Scott-Marshall and Tompa 2011). Consequently, the number of workers in permanent, full-time, regularly scheduled work with secure wages and benefits has declined and concurrently, nonstandard arrangements have increased ( Howard 2016 Kalleberg 2000). Most no-table is the shift away from maintaining a stable workforce toward more flexible and economically competitive employment practices ( Benach et al. Rapid technological innovation, globalization processes, economic recessions, and demographic changes over the past several decades have caused a number of adaptive changes in the labor market, including the fundamental transformation of the nature and organization of work ( Bosch 2004 Kalleberg 2009).
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